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Conclusions: Legal cigarettes, those sold other than at grocery stores, and in the urban
            areas showed higher compliance with the requirements of both Malaysian law and FCTC.
            As the public were unable to  comprehend the existing PHWs fully, the stakeholders need
            to actively address various aspects to strengthen and improve PHWs effectiveness in the
            future.

            Keywords: PHW, Compliance, Understanding, Effectiveness, Public

            Thesis submitted for the requirements of the degree of Doctor of Dental Public Health, University of Malaya

            Dr ‘Ainun Mardhiah Meor Amir Hamzah
            Pasir Akar Dental Clinic
            Besut, Terengganu

            Dr Marhazlinda Jamaluddin
            Prof. Dr Roslan Saub
            Department of Community Oral Health and Clinical Prevention
            Faculty of Dentistry
            University of Malaya
            Kuala Lumpur

















































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